Parsing command-line arguments

A typical invocation of our CLI tool will look like this:

$ grrs foobar test.txt

We expect our program to look at test.txt and print out the lines that contain foobar. But how do we get these two values?

The text after the name of the program is often called the “command-line arguments”, or “command-line flags” (especially when they look like --this). Internally, the operating system usually represents them as a list of strings – roughly speaking, they get separated by spaces.

There are many ways to think about these arguments, and how to parse them into something more easy to work with. You will also need to tell the users of your program which arguments they need to give and in which format they are expected.

Getting the arguments

The standard library contains the function std::env::args() that gives you an iterator of the given arguments. The first entry (at index 0) will be the name your program was called as (e.g. grrs), the ones that follow are what the user wrote afterwards.

Getting the raw arguments this way is quite easy (in file src/main.rs):

fn main() {
    let pattern = std::env::args().nth(1).expect("no pattern given");
    let path = std::env::args().nth(2).expect("no path given");

    println!("pattern: {:?}, path: {:?}", pattern, path)
}

We can run it using cargo run, passing arguments by writing them after --:

$ cargo run -- some-pattern some-file
    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.11s
     Running `target/debug/grrs some-pattern some-file`
pattern: "some-pattern", path: "some-file"

CLI arguments as data type

Instead of thinking about them as a bunch of text, it often pays off to think of CLI arguments as a custom data type that represents the inputs to your program.

Look at grrs foobar test.txt: There are two arguments, first the pattern (the string to look for), and then the path (the file to look in).

What more can we say about them? Well, for a start, both are required. We haven’t talked about any default values, so we expect our users to always provide two values. Furthermore, we can say a bit about their types: The pattern is expected to be a string, while the second argument is expected to be a path to a file.

In Rust, it is common to structure programs around the data they handle, so this way of looking at CLI arguments fits very well. Let’s start with this (in file src/main.rs, before fn main() {):

struct Cli {
    pattern: String,
    path: std::path::PathBuf,
}

This defines a new structure (a struct) that has two fields to store data in: pattern, and path.

Now, we still need to get the actual arguments our program got into this form. One option would be to manually parse the list of strings we get from the operating system and build the structure ourselves. It would look something like this:

fn main() {
    let pattern = std::env::args().nth(1).expect("no pattern given");
    let path = std::env::args().nth(2).expect("no path given");

    let args = Cli {
        pattern,
        path: std::path::PathBuf::from(path),
    };

    println!("pattern: {:?}, path: {:?}", args.pattern, args.path);
}

This works, but it’s not very convenient. How would you deal with the requirement to support --pattern="foo" or --pattern "foo"? How would you implement --help?

Parsing CLI arguments with Clap

A much nicer way is to use one of the many available libraries. The most popular library for parsing command-line arguments is called clap. It has all the functionality you’d expect, including support for sub-commands, shell completions, and great help messages.

Let’s first import clap by adding clap = { version = "4.0", features = ["derive"] } to the [dependencies] section of our Cargo.toml file.

Now, we can write use clap::Parser; in our code, and add #[derive(Parser)] right above our struct Cli. Let’s also write some documentation comments along the way.

It’ll look like this (in file src/main.rs, before fn main() {):

use clap::Parser;

/// Search for a pattern in a file and display the lines that contain it.
#[derive(Parser)]
struct Cli {
    /// The pattern to look for
    pattern: String,
    /// The path to the file to read
    path: std::path::PathBuf,
}

Right below the Cli struct our template contains its main function. When the program starts, it will call this function:

fn main() {
    let args = Cli::parse();

    println!("pattern: {:?}, path: {:?}", args.pattern, args.path)
}

This will try to parse the arguments into our Cli struct.

But what if that fails? That’s the beauty of this approach: Clap knows which fields to expect, and what their expected format is. It can automatically generate a nice --help message, as well as give some great errors to suggest you pass --output when you wrote --putput.

Wrapping up

Your code should now look like:

use clap::Parser;

/// Search for a pattern in a file and display the lines that contain it.
#[derive(Parser)]
struct Cli {
    /// The pattern to look for
    pattern: String,
    /// The path to the file to read
    path: std::path::PathBuf,
}

fn main() {
    let args = Cli::parse();

    println!("pattern: {:?}, path: {:?}", args.pattern, args.path)
}

Running it without any arguments:

$ cargo run
    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 10.16s
     Running `target/debug/grrs`
error: The following required arguments were not provided:
    <pattern>
    <path>

USAGE:
    grrs <pattern> <path>

For more information try --help

Running it passing arguments:

$ cargo run -- some-pattern some-file
    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.11s
     Running `target/debug/grrs some-pattern some-file`
pattern: "some-pattern", path: "some-file"

The output demonstrates that our program successfully parsed the arguments into the Cli struct.